Hammond, Gurnell and Fox business links

Hammond, Gurnell and Fox

– the business links

This section is the culmination of the previous Hammond, Gurnell and Fox blogs. Whereas the previous blogs outlined the family histories, this one looks at the complex business links between those members of the family who were chemists and druggist and/or oil seed crushers.

 

Until the development of the petrochemical industry, there were two sources of oil for everything from lubricants to paint to soaps: either whales or various seeds. Today, we think of vegetables oils as those refined for cooking: olive oil, rapeseed oil, sunflower oil, sesame seed oil, etc. However, there were many other uses for oils from crushed seeds, including probably the biggest use: oil for lamps. Even today, linseed oil is used for a variety of applications while castor oil has its medicinal (laxative) properties. There are many more examples.

§1 Simmons Hammond

Simmons Hammond was a chemist and druggist in High Street, Dartford[1], for all his professional life, but he did have other business interests.

Not long after he married Mary Ann Essenhigh in 1800[2] he either invested in his brother-in-law’s business, or at least lent him some money. John Essenhigh ran Dartford’s main coaching inn, The Bull, but was also a dealer in various goods, However, he was declared bankrupt on 19 November 1816, with Simmons Hammond a major creditor[3].

Simmons Hammond continued with his pharmacy in Dartford but also acted as agent for various insurance companies: Globe Insurance in 1826[4] and Sun Insurance by 1840.

Towards the end of his life, Simmons Hammond was also a seed crusher and oil refiner, coal merchant and lime burner, and wharfinger and barge owner[5].

His interest in coal appears to have started in the 1830s.

William Wilks was a coal merchant in Dartford in 1826[6] and by 1832 had formed a partnership with Thomas Coyler to run the business from Nisbett’s Wharf. This partnership was dissolved on 16 June 1832, leaving William Wilks once more in control[7].

William Wilks then went into partnership with Simmons Hammond, but this partnership was dissolved on 8 May 1837, leaving the business in Simmons Hammond’s hands[8].

About the time of his daughter’s marriage to Thomas Gurnell in 1838[9], Simmons Hammond took his son-in-law into partnership in the High Street chemist and druggist business.

An 1840 directory styles the firm Hammond & Gurnell and lists them as oilmen as well as chemists and druggists. In this directory Simmons Hammond was also listed as coal merchant & lime burner; Sun Insurance agent; and wharfinger & barge owner at Hammond’s Wharf, Dartford[10].

In 1841, Simmons Hammond’s youngest son, Frederick, was working as a coal merchant in Dartford, probably in his father’s business[11].

Although there had been a seed crushing mill and oil refinery in Dartford for many years, Simmons Hammond’s interest in this trade may have started in London in 1825/7 when he was in partnership with his eldest son, William Essenhigh Hammond in a business that included castor oil seed crushing (§2).

Certainly from 1841, Simmons Hammond was in control of a medical seed crushing mill and oil refinery at Ordnance Wharf, 133 Rotherhithe Street, in London, while his son was a linseed oil crusher in the same premises[12].

The seed oil mills at Ordnance Wharf appear to have been transferred to Thomas Gurnell following the dissolution of a partnership between him and Simmons Hammond, trading as chemists and druggists, on 8 March 1845[13], although the business name of the Rotherhithe mills may not have changed immediately: in the 1848 edition of the directory, Simmons Hammond was an oil refiner at Ordnance Wharf, 133 Rotherhithe Street[14].

There is no mention in the directory of William Essenhigh Hammond, who went bankrupt that year (see §2 below) but another of Simmons Hammond’s son, Edward, was working in the business at that time[15] (§3)

Simmons Hammond died in 1849[16] and it appears that Thomas Gurnell took over most of his father-in-law’s businesses (§5).

§ 2 William Essenhigh Hammond

Like his father, William Essenhigh Hammond was a chemist and druggist, but he too had other interests. The first was a London firm of wholesale chemists and druggists and seed crushers which was originally a partnership between James Vallance and Richard Hamilton Anderson. This operated from premises at Garlick Hill, Upper Thames Street, and Maiden Lane, Queen Street. The partnership was dissolved on 5 February 1818[17], and the following year, a directory has T & H Vallance, wholesale druggists and pressers of castor oil, at 19 Garlick Hill, Upper Thames Street[18]. [It is presumed the “T” is a misprint for “J” (see next paragraph).]

James and Henry Vallance had a partnership under the name J & H Vallance, as druggists, and when this partnership was dissolved on 1 January 1823, with James left running the business, it was trading from Warner Street, St James, Clerkenwell[19].

James then went into a short-lived partnership with William Essenhigh Hammond, called Messrs Vallance & Hammond, as druggists at Little Warner Street, Clerkenwell. This partnership was dissolved in 5 October 1824, leaving William Hammond to run the business[20].

A London directory of 1825 had J & H Vallance as chemists at 6 Little Warner Street and wholesale tea dealers at 1 Baker’s Row, Clerkenwell[21].

It would appear that both parts of James Vallance’s business had been taken over by William Hammond who then went into partnership with his father, Simmons Hammond, but this partnership too was relatively short lived and dissolved on 30 October 1827, again leaving William to run the businesses – as a druggist in Little Warner Street and tea dealer in nearby Baker’s Row[22].

The wholesale tea dealing side of William Hammond’s business seems to have gone by 1839 when Pigot’s London directory has two entries for Hammond & Co, both at 1 Baker’s Row, Coppice Row, Clerkenwell – the first as a manufacturing “chymist” of castor oil, the second as a seed crusher[23].

Pigot’s Middlesex directory of the same year also had William Hammond operating in three trades: as a chemist & druggist, a grocer & tea dealer and an oil & colourman in New Brentford[24]. He had had a chemist’s shop in Brentford since at least 1837 when, on 27 November, Robert Skitter, who kept the shop for Hammond, accused John Baptist Hennet of stealing a comb, value 3d, the property of William Essenhigh Hammond[25].

In 1841 William Hammond was living in an area of New Brentford called The Butts. Also in the house were his wife Lucy, brother Edward Hammond and uncle John Essenhigh[26].

William was described as a stout merchant and Edward as an oil presser. John Essenhigh was described as “assistant” but to which brother is not clear.

William continued in the seed crushing business expanded. Not only was he a linseed oil crusher, at Ordnance Wharf, near Pageant’s stairs, Rotherhithe, but it is believed he also had an oil mill in Uxbridge.

On 5 June 1848, William Essenhigh Hammond of Uxbridge, trading under the firm of Sexton & Co [a later record gave the name as Lexton & Co] seed crusher, dealer and chapman, was made bankrupt[27]. He was not discharged until 4 November 1850[28].

The 1851 census had William Hammond, together with Lucy and a young son, also called William, living at the oil mills in Rotherhithe Street[29]; William was a clerk to a seed crusher, presumably his brother-in-law, Thomas Gurnell.

The 1851 and 1856 London directories list Thomas Gurnell as seed crusher and chemical manure manufacture at Ordnance Wharf, 133 Rotherhithe Street[30].

William Essenhigh Hammond died in 1857[31].

§3 Edward Hammond

The first mention of Edward being involved in the seed crushing and oil refining business was in 1841[32]. He was then living with his brother William in Brentford and was described as an oil presser (see §2 above). When he married Emily Jones on 10 November 1843, he was described as an oil merchant and his father Simmons Hammond as an oil presser. His home address was given as Cripplegate in the City of London[33].

Edward and Emily’s first child, named Gurnell Edward Hammond, was baptised in Rotherhithe on 31 March 1846[34]. [The record is seriously damaged but dates, first name and parents’ first names are clearly visible, although not Edward’s profession]

Two years later, their second child, Emily Blanche Hammond, was born in Islington on 19 June 1848 but then baptised at St Alfege, Greenwich, on 20 September[35]. Edward was described then as an oil-cake merchant of Islington but on 24 August that year – very much like his elder brother – he had gone bankrupt. Edward was described as “late of Kingston, and also now or late of Rotherhithe-street, Rotherhithe, in the county of Surrey, oil crusher and manufacturer of superphosphate of lime, dealer and chapman.”[36]

It is not know if the two bankruptcies – William’s in June 1848, Edward’s in the August – were in any way connected, nor if these bankruptcies were the occasion for Thomas Gurnell’s involvement in the Rotherhithe business.

Edward Hammond was discharged from his bankruptcy a year later[37] and the 1851 census has Edward as a gelatine manufacturer living in Tooting[38]. However, by the time his daughter Louisa Hammond was baptised, in 1853, the family was back living in Rotherhithe, at Plough Bridge Road, and Edward was described as a seed crusher[39].

Edward later become a chemist in East Wickham, Kent – by 1857[40] – and was still there in 1861[41]. Ten years later, however, he was in Godstone, Surrey, living off rents and dividends[42].

§4 Frederick Hammond

Frederick Hammond had been a coal merchant in Dartford in 1841[43] but he later became a beer and wine merchant in Brentford End, Isleworth. In 1851, he was described as a stout agent in Isleworth[44] – it is possible that he took over his brother William’s agency. In 1861, he was a beer merchant[45] and in 1871, a wine and spirit merchant[46]. He was then living in a house at “Hammond’s Wharf” on Grand Union Canal, Isleworth.

In 1872, Frederick Hammond suffered a bad debt, which probably affected his own financial position the following year.

Charles John Brownjohn, wine, spirit, and bottle beer merchant, of 1 Clifton-villas, Upper Richmond Road, Putney, instituted “proceedings for liquidation by arrangement or composition with creditors” and Frederick Hammond, wine merchant of Brentford, and George Phillips, wine merchant of 69 High Holborn, were appointed trustees of Brownjohn’s property by the County Court on 25 June 1872[47].

By 28 May 1873, Frederick Hammond was having to institute similar proceedings for liquidation[48].

It has not proved possible to track Frederick’s life after this until his death in 1885[49].

§5 Thomas Gurnell

Having taken over two of his father-in-law’s businesses – the chemist and druggist shop in High Street, Dartford[50], and the seed crushing operation in Rotherhithe[51], Thomas Gurnell went into partnership with his nephew, Edward Fox (§6), as chemists and druggists in Dartford.

This partnership was dissolved on 19 August 1864, with Thomas Gurnell responsible for any debts[52]. Then, ten days later, Thomas Gurnell died[53] and on 1 November 1864, probate of his will was granted to his widow, Mary Ann Gurnell. The estate was valued at under £3,000[54].

Clearly, Thomas Gurnell’s death so soon after the dissolution of the partnership meant that not all the creditors had been paid and on 28 March 1865, Edward Fox had to take out a suit in Chancery against Mary Ann Gurnell[55].

Less than a year after starting the action and before the situation could be resolved, Edward Fox himself died.

 

§6 Edward Fox

Edward Fox was a relatively young man when he died, on 12 March 1866 – just 29 years old[56]. However, at the time of the 1861 census, he was a patient in Guy’s Hospital[57]. Despite being recorded as a draper’s assistant at this time, Edward was to become a chemist, first with his uncle in Dartford, but later in Westerham. He made his brother William Fox (§7) his executor for an estate valued at under £450[58].

 §7 William Fox

William Fox also became a chemist and druggist. In 1851, aged 18, he was visiting his uncle §5 Thomas Gurnell at Dartford[59] and by 1860, when he married Ellen Maria Brookes in Birmingham, he was working as a chemist and druggist in York[60]. He took his wife there and his daughter was born in York in 1861[61], but by 1862 he had his shop in Chapel Place, Tunbridge Wells[62]. He was, apparently, still there in 1866 when he was granted probate on his brother’s estate and then moved into his brother’s shop in Market Place, Westerham, where he was from 1867 until he died in 1907[63].

Ellen Fox died in 1867[64] and William remarried two years later[65]. His new wife was Frances Caroline Atherford and she gave him a son, Ernest Edward Fox, born in 1872.[66]

When William Fox died, his widow Frances was granted probate of his estate, valued at £538 1s 1d[67]. The Westerham shop was, however, taken over by a distant cousin, William Gurnell[68], whose sister, Minnie Gurnell, had married Ernest Edward Fox in 1898[69].

§8 William Gurnell

William and Minnie Gurnell were the grandchildren of George Gurnell, brother of §5 Thomas Gurnell. Their father, William Gurnell, was a chemist who left Lincolnshire and moved south to work in a long-established chemist’s shop at 34 Union Street, Ryde, on the Isle of Wight where he lived for more than 20 years[70].

This shop had been run by William Gibbs, who was originally from Tewkesbury, from at least 1851. His sister Elizabeth ran a bookseller’s shop next door at 33 Union Street[71].  The business later traded as Gibbs & Gurnell (as it still does in 2014)[72]. At some point between 1891 and 1901, William Gurnell senior moved with his family to Waterlooville on the Hampshire mainland, where he continued his business as a dispensing chemist and (in 1901) his son William was manager of the shop[73].

William and Minnie Gurnell were also second cousins of Edward and William Fox (see §6 and §7 above) and so when Minnie was married to Ernest Fox, it was to her second cousin once removed. When William Fox died in 1907, his second cousin and brother of his daughter-in-law William Gurnell junior took over the Westerham chemist’s shop and was there until at least 1938.[74]

 

 

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[1] Pigot & Co’s Directory of Kent 1824 p386 (via www.historicaldirectories.org Pigot’s Directory of Kent 1824 image 11)

[2] London Metropolitan Archives, Church of England Parish Registers, St Peter Cornhill, Register of marriages 1781-1812 P69/PET1/A/01/Ms 8823/2 p67 No 265 (via Ancestry.com London, England, Marriages and Banns, 1754-1921 City of London, St Peter Cornhill 1801 image 1)

[3] London Gazette 9 November 1816 Issue No 17193 p2210; London Gazette 7 December 1816 Issue No 17198 p2324

[4] Pigot & Co’s Directory of Kent 1826 p609 (via Ancestry.com UK City & County Directories 1600s-1900s, Kent > Pigot’s Directory 1826 image 19)

[5] Pigot & Co’s Directory of Kent 1840 pp270,271 (via Ancestry.com UK City & County Directories 1600s-1900s,Kent > Pigot’s Directory 1840 images 32 and 33)

[6] Pigot & Co’s Directory of Kent 1826 p609 (via Ancestry.com UK City & County Directories 1600s-1900s,Kent > Pigot’s Directory 1826 image 19)

[7] London Gazette 19 June 1832 Issue No 18946 p1411

[8] London Gazette 9 May 1837 Issue No 19493 p1198

[9] Medway Council Archives: P110 Dartford Holy Trinity 1363-1988/P110 01 58: Holy Trinity Dartford, Register of Marriages 1837-1856 p16 No31

[10] Pigot & Co’s Directory of Kent 1840 pp270,271 (via Ancestry.com UK City & County Directories 1600s-1900s,Kent > Pigot’s Directory 1840 images 32 and 33)

[11] National Archives, 1841 Census of England & Wales, Class HO107 Piece 482 Book 4 Dartford, Kent, Enumeration District 5 Folio 6 Page 8 Line 25 GSU 306875 (via Ancestry.com 1841 England Census Dartford, Kent District 5 image 4)

[12] Post Office London Directory, 1841. (Part 1: Street, Commercial, & Trades Directories) p219, p247 (via historicaldirectories.org Post Office London Directory 1841 images 417 and 445); Post Office London Directory, 1843 p212 (via Ancestry.com UK City & County Directories 1600s-1900s, London > PO Directory 1843 image 204)

[13] London Gazette 21 August 1846 Issue No 20634 p 3041

[14] Post Office London Directory, 1848 p834 (via Ancestry.com UK City & County Directories 1600s-1900s, London > PO Directory 1848 image 287)

[15] London Metropolitan Archives, Bermondsey Holy Trinity Register of Baptism, P71/TRI, Item 001 (via Ancestry.com London, England, Births and Baptisms, 1813-1906 Bermondsey Holy Trinity 1846 image 8)

[16] FreeBMD England & Wales, FreeBMD Death Index 1837-1915 Q1 1849 Dartford Vol 5 p81; Medway Council Archives: P110 Dartford Holy Trinity 1363-1988/P110 01 11: Holy Trinity Dartford, Register of Burials 1843-1856 p86 No686

[17] London Gazette 21 July 1818 Issue No 17381 p 1320

[18] Post Office London Directory 1819 p351 (via Ancestry.com UK City & County Directories 1600s-1900s, London > PO Directory 1819 image 179)

[19] London Gazette 26 July 1823 Issue No 17943 p 1225

[20] London Gazette 9 October 1824 Issue No 18069 p 1657

[21] Pigot & Co’s Commercial Directory of London 1825 p94, p242 (via Ancestry.com UK City & County Directories 1600s-1900s, London > Pigot’s Directory 1825 images 100 and 253)

[22] London Gazette 20 November 1827 Issue No 18416 p 2394

[23] Pigot & Co’s Directory of London 1839 p87, p194 (via Ancestry.com UK City & County Directories 1600s-1900s,London > Pigot’s Directory 1839 images 97 and 206)

[24] Pigot & Co’s Directory of Middlesex 1839, pp391 & 392 (via Ancestry.com UK City & County Directories 1600s-1900s, Middlesex >1839 Pigot’s Directory images 6 and 7)

[25] Proceedings of the Central Criminal Court, 27th November 1837, p59 (via www.oldbaileyonline.org ref t18371127-81)

[26] National Archives, 1841 Census of England & Wales, Class HO107 Piece 655 Book 1 Brentford, Middlesex, Enumeration District 1 Folio 9 Page 11 Line 25 GSU 438773 (via Ancestry.com 1841 England Census Brentford, Middlesex District 1 image 7)

[27] London Gazette 16 June 1848 Issue No 20868 p 2288; London Gazette 10 November 1848 Issue No 20914 p 4055

[28] London Gazette 5 November 1850 Issue No 21150 p 2898

[29] National Archives, 1851 Census of England & Wales, Class HO107 Piece 1583 Folio 507 Page 46 GSU 174819 (via Ancestry.com 1851 England Census Rotherhithe, Surrey District 15 image 47)

[30] Post Office London Directory 1851 p463 (via Ancestry.com UK City & County Directories 1600s-1900s, London > PO Directory 1853 image 468); Post Office London Directory 1852 p768; (via historicaldirectories.org Post Office London Directory 1852 image 264); Post Office London Directory, 1856 p650 (via Ancestry.com UK City & County Directories 1600s-1900s, London > PO Directory 1856 image 679)

[31] FreeBMD England & Wales, FreeBMD Death Index 1837-1915 Q3 1857 Dartford Vol 2a p141

[32] National Archives, 1841 Census of England & Wales, Class HO107 Piece 655 Book 1 Brentford, Middlesex, Enumeration District 1 Folio 9 Page 11 Line 25 GSU 438773 (via Ancestry.com 1841 England Census Brentford, Middlesex District 1 image 7)

[33] Surrey Record Centre; Anglican Parish Registers P33/1/27 All Saints, Kingston-upon-Thames Register of marriages 1837-1859 p46, no92 (via Ancestry.com Surrey, England, Marriages, 1754-1937 Kingston-upon-Thames All Saints 1837-1859 image 25)

[34] London Metropolitan Archives, Bermondsey Holy Trinity Register of Baptism, P71/TRI, Item 001 (via Ancestry.com London, England, Births and Baptisms, 1813-1906 Bermondsey Holy Trinity 1846 image 8)

[35] London Metropolitan Archives, Greenwich St Alfege, Register of Baptism, P78/ALF, Item 015 p204 No1632 (via Ancestry.com London, England, Births and Baptisms, 1813-1906 Greenwich St Alfege 1848 image 35)

[36] London Gazette 12 September 1848 Issue number 20896 page 3368; London Gazette 19 June 1849 Issue number 20990 page 2003

[37] London Gazette 24 August 1849 Issue number 21012 page 2664

[38] National Archives, 1851 Census of England & Wales, Class HO107 Piece 1579 Folio 238 Page 12 GSU 174815 (via Ancestry.com 1851 England Census Tooting Graveney, Surrey District 1c image 27)

[39] London Metropolitan Archives, Rotherhithe All Saints, Register of Baptism, P71/ALL, Item 001 p33 No258 (via Ancestry.com London, England, Births and Baptisms, 1813-1906 Rotherhithe All Saints 1853 image 2)

[40] FreeBMD. England & Wales, FreeBMD Birth Index, 1837-1915 Q4 1854 Rotherhithe Vol 1d p443; London Metropolitan Archives, Wickham, Register of Baptism, DL/T/103, Item 019 p94 No748 (via Ancestry.com London, England, Births and Baptisms, 1813-1906 Wickham, Kent 1857 image 2); Melville’s Directory and Gazetteer 1858 p434 (via Ancestry,com UK City & County Directories 1600s-1900s, Kent > Melville’s Directory 1858 image 448)

[41] National Archives, 1861 Census of England & Wales, Class RG9 Piece 465 Folio 144 Page 24 GSU 542643 (via Ancestry.com 1861 England Census East Wickham, Kent District 8 image 25)

[42] National Archives, 1871 Census of England & Wales, Class RG10 Piece 837 Folio 18 Page 28 GSU 827752 (via Ancestry.com 1871 England Census Godstone, Surrey District 7 image 29)

[43] National Archives, 1841 Census of England & Wales, Class HO107 Piece 482 Book 4 Dartford, Kent, Enumeration District 5 Folio 6 Page 8 Line 25 GSU 306875 (via Ancestry.com 1841 England Census Dartford, Kent District 5 image 4)

[44] National Archives, 1861 Census of England & Wales, Class RG9 Piece 465 Folio 144 Page 24 GSU 542643 (via Ancestry.com 1861 England Census East Wickham, Kent District 8 image 25)

[45] National Archives, 1861 Census of England & Wales, Class RG9 Piece 772 Folio 85 Page 31 GSU 542698 (via Ancestry.com 1861 England Census Isleworth, Middlesex District 10 image 32)

[46] National Archives, 1871 Census of England & Wales, Class RG10 Piece 1313 Folio 70 Page 12 GSU 838781 (via Ancestry.com 1871 England Census Isleworth, Middlesex District 10 image 13)

[47] London Gazette 28 June 1872 Issue No 23871 p 3007’ London Gazette 5 July 1872 Issue No 23873 p 3093

[48] London Gazette 16 May 1873 Issue No 23976 p 2477; London Gazette 17 March 1874 Issue No 24076 p 1723; London Gazette 7 April 1874 Issue No 24084 p 2048

[49] FreeBMD. England & Wales, FreeBMD Death Index, 1837-1915 Q1 1885 Brentford Vol 3a p72

[50] Post Office Directory of Kent 1851 p290 (via Ancestry.com UK City & County Directories 1600s-1900s, Kent > PO Directory 1851 image 52)

[51] Post Office London Directory 1851 p463 (via Ancestry.com UK City & County Directories 1600s-1900s, London > PO Directory 1851 image 468); Post Office London Directory 1852 p768; (via historicaldirectories.org Post Office London Directory 1852 image 264); Post Office London Directory, 1856 p650 (via Ancestry.com UK City & County Directories 1600s-1900s, London > PO Directory 1856 image 679)

[52] London Gazette 30 August 1864 Issue No 22889 p 4253

[53] FreeBMD England & Wales, FreeBMD Death Index 1837-1915 Q3 1864 Dartford Vol 2a p180; Medway Council Archives: P110 Dartford Holy Trinity 1363-1988/P110 01 12: Holy Trinity Dartford, Register of Burials 1836-1877 p105 No836

[54] National Archives, Principal Probate Registry. Calendar of the Grants of Probate and Letters of Administration made in the Probate Registries of the High Court of Justice in England  1864 p233 (via Ancestry.com England & Wales, National Probate Calendar (Index of Wills and Administrations), 1858-1966 1864 G>Gu image 9)

[55] London Gazette 31 March 1865 Issue No 22953 p 1822; London Gazette 13 July 1866 Issue No 23137 p 4002

[56] Free BMD England & Wales, FreeBMD Death Index, 1837-1915 Q1 1866 Sevenoaks Vol 2a p321

[57] National Archives, 1861 Census of England & Wales, Class RG9 Piece 316 Folio 154 Page 5 GSU 542613 (via Ancestry.com 1861 England Census Southwark St Thomas District Guy’s Hospital image 6)

[58] National Archives, Principal Probate Registry. Calendar of the Grants of Probate and Letters of Administration made in the Probate Registries of the High Court of Justice in England  1866 p305 (via Ancestry.com England & Wales, National Probate Calendar (Index of Wills and Administrations), 1858-1966 1866 F>Fo image 34)

[59] National Archives, 1851 Census of England & Wales, Class HO107 Piece 1607 Folio 371 Page 10 GSU 193506-193507 (via Ancestry.com 1851 England Census Dartford, Kent District 1b image 11)

[60] Free BMD England & Wales, FreeBMD Marriage Index, 1837-1915 Q1 1860 Birmingham Vol 6d p197; National Archives. General Register Office: Registers of Births, Marriages and Deaths surrendered to the Non-parochial Registers Commission of 1857, and other registers and church records; Class: RG 8; Piece: 98 Birmingham, Church of the Saviour, Edward Street: Marriages (pt 2), 1848-1894 p19 No9 (via Ancestry.com Ancestry.com. England & Wales, Non-Conformist and Non-Parochial Registers, 1567-1970 Piece 98 Birmingham, Church of the Saviour, Edward Street: Marriages (pt 2), 1848-1894 image 20)

[61] National Archives, 1861 Census of England & Wales, Class RG9 Piece 3546 Folio 44 Page 15 GSU 543149 (via Ancestry.com 1861 England Census York St Sampson District 18 image 16)

[62] Kelly’s Directory of Kent 1862 p1037 (via Ancestry.com UK City & County Directories 1600s-1900s, Kent > Kelly’s Directory, 1862 image 323)

[63] Post Office Directory of Kent 1867 p1181 (via Ancestry,com UK City & County Directories 1600s-1900s,Kent > PO Directory 1867 371): Free BMD England & Wales, FreeBMD Death Index, 1837-1915 Q3 1907 Sevenoaks Vol 2a p367

[64] Free BMD England & Wales, FreeBMD Death Index, 1837-1915 Q2 1867 Sevenoaks Vol 2a p267

[65] Free BMD England & Wales, FreeBMD Marriage Index, 1837-1915 Q1 1869 Kensington Vol 1a p240; London Metropolitan Archives, Saint James, Paddington, Register of marriages, P87/JS, Item 039 1869 p62 No121 (via Ancestry.com. London, England, Marriages and Banns, 1754-1921, Saint James, Paddington 1869 image 8)

[66] Free BMD England & Wales, FreeBMD Birth Index, 1837-1915 Q4 1872 Sevenoaks Vol 2a p528

[67] National Archives, Principal Probate Registry. Calendar of the Grants of Probate and Letters of Administration made in the Probate Registries of the High Court of Justice in England  1907 p153 (via Ancestry.com England & Wales, National Probate Calendar (Index of Wills and Administrations), 1858-1966 1907 F>Fo image 24)

[68] National Archives, 1911 Census of England & Wales, Class RG14 Piece 4024 Schedule No 30 (via Ancestry.com 1911 England Census Westerham, Kent District 17 image 60)

[69] Free BMD England & Wales, FreeBMD Marriage Index, 1837-1915 Q3 1898 Havant Vol 2b p837

[70] National Archives, 1871 Census of England & Wales, Class RG10 Piece 1165 Folio 66 Page 11 GS roll 827797 (via Ancestry.com 1871 England Census Ryde, Hampshire District 3 image 12)

[71] White’s Directory of Hanpshire & Isle of Wight 1859 p659 (via www.historicaldirectories.org White’s Directory of Hampshire 1859 image 662); Harrod’s Co Directory of Hanpshire & Isle of Wight 1865 p1149 p659 (via www.historicaldirectories.org Harrod’s Directory of Hampshire 1865 image 601)

[72] Post Office Directory of Hampshire, Wiltshire & Isle of Wight 1875 p298 (via www.historicaldirectories.org Post Office Directory of Hampshire, Wiltshire & Isle of Wight 1875 image 326); www.gibbsandgurnell.co.uk (accessed 7 March 2014)

[73] National Archives, 1901 Census of England & Wales, Class RG13 Piece 976 Folio 31 Page 22 (via Ancestry.com 1901 England Census Farlington, Hampshire District 2 image 23)

[74] National Archives, 1911 Census of England & Wales, Class RG14 Piece 4024 Schedule No 30 (via Ancestry.com 1911 England Census Westerham, Kent District 17 image 60); Kelly’s Directory of Kent 1938 p717 (via Ancestry.com Kent > 1938 Kelly’s Directory image 774)